Yellowstone attracts over three million visitors a year, but the human history of the park has spanned for thousands of years. From First Nations Americans, to European Settlers, to today, join us as we explore how human hands have shaped Yellowstone’s past, and how they can shape its future.

Further Reading:
https://www.nps.gov/articles/archeology-debunkingthemyth-fear-of-yellowstone.htm

https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvcwntt3.5

https://www.jstor.org/stable/4518923

https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1dr3668.7

https://www.jstor.org/stable/4518293

https://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/historyculture/timeline.htm

https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/grte1/chap3.htm

https://www.jstor.org/stable/43598916

https://archive.org/details/journalatrapper00yorkgoog/page/n6/mode/2up

https://archive.org/details/americanindiansy00nabo/page/32/mode/1up

https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/yell/cramton/sec2.htm

Sound Credits:

Intro/Outro music
“Americana” Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)
Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 4.0 License
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Ambience
Yellowstone Sound Library via Artlist.io
Gain Walkers via Artlist.io

This episode was produced on Anaiwan land, and we acknowledge that this land was never ceded. We recognise and respect the ongoing culture and community of the Anaiwan people, and extend that respect to all Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, including Elders past, present, and emerging. In acknowledging the traditional custodians of our lands, we also acknowledge the First Nations people of the Americas, some of whose ancestral lands are now known as Yellowstone. 27 Tribes have ancestral and modern ties to this land, and we acknowledge their history, and extend our respect to their people and elders also.

Vibrant colours disguise hidden dangers in the depth’s of Yellowstone’s hot springs. Despite the deadly temperatures, microbial life still thrives in the boiling, mineral-rich waters. In this episode we look at the mechanisms behind the hot springs and geysers, and how tiny creatures thrive where others dare not go.

Further Reading:
https://www.usgs.gov/observatories/yvo/news/hydrothermal-deposits-record-climate-changes-yellowstone

https://www.usgs.gov/observatories/yvo/news/hydrothermal-puzzles-lakes-lower-geyser-basin

https://www.jstor.org/stable/4250479

https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/fumaroles.htm

https://www.nps.gov/articles/thermophile-yell.htm

https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/b1444

https://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/nature/hot-springs.htm

https://milnepublishing.geneseo.edu/botany/chapter/thermus-aquaticus/

http://www.ncsociology.org/torchmagazine/v931/coppinger.pdf

https://enviro2.doe.gov.my/ekmc/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/1385557763-3-s2.0-B0122268652002704-main.pdf

https://astrobiology.nasa.gov/news/life-in-the-extreme-terrestrial-hot-springs/

https://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/nature/thermophiles-in-time-and-space.htm

https://www.usgs.gov/observatories/yvo/news/where-pigment-ends-photosynthetic-fringe-and-upper-temperature-limit#news

https://www.usgs.gov/observatories/yvo/news/which-more-hazardous-yellowstone-visitors-wildlife-or-hot-springs

Sound Credits:

Intro/Outro music
“Americana” Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)
Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 4.0 License
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Hydrothermal sound effects:
Yellowstone Sound Library via nps.gov and Artlist.io

General flowing water sound effects:
Ivo Vicic via Artlist.io

This episode was produced on Anaiwan land, and we acknowledge that this land was never ceded. We recognise and respect the ongoing culture and community of the Anaiwan people, and extend that respect to all Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, including Elders past, present, and emerging. In acknowledging the traditional custodians of our lands, we also acknowledge the First Nations people of the Americas, some of whose ancestral lands are now known as Yellowstone. 27 Tribes have ancestral and modern ties to this land, and we acknowledge their history, and extend our respect to their people and elders also.

Deep beneath Yellowstone lies a magma chamber, above which is the vast Yellowstone Caldera. Sometimes referred to as a supervolcano, the caldera lies atop the Yellowstone hotspot, and has inspired many an imagination. Although the volcano has erupted in the past, how will future eruptions affect the region – and the world?

Further reading:

https://www.newscientist.com/article/2349550-yellowstone-supervolcano-contains-twice-as-much-melted-rock-as-thought/

https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/what-is-a-supervolcano.html

https://www.usgs.gov/news/a-personal-commentary-why-i-dislike-term-supervolcano-and-what-we-should-be-saying-instead

https://www.usgs.gov/observatories/yvo/news/thermal-infrared-remote-sensing-yellowstone-301-thermal-metrics

https://www.usgs.gov/programs/VHP/about-volcanoes

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-secrets-of-supervolca/

https://www.usgs.gov/volcanoes/yellowstone/modeling-ash-distribution-yellowstone-supereruption-2014

https://www.usgs.gov/volcanoes/yellowstone/five-things-most-people-get-wrong-about-yellowstone-volcano-2015

Sound Credits:

Intro/Outro music
“Americana” Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)
Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 4.0 License
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

General volcanic ambience
Unrealsfx via Artlist.io
Sam Fourie via Artlist.io
Eytan Krief via Artlist.io

This episode was produced on Anaiwan land, and we acknowledge that this land was never ceded. We recognise and respect the ongoing culture and community of the Anaiwan people, and extend that respect to all Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, including Elders past, present, and emerging. In acknowledging the traditional custodians of our lands, we also acknowledge the First Nations people of the Americas, some of whose ancestral lands are now known as Yellowstone. 27 Tribes have ancestral and modern ties to this land, and we acknowledge their history, and extend our respect to their people and elders also.