In this episode, Jeff Mo, U.S. mid-cap portfolio manager, explores a fundamental shift in how economies may grow over the next decade. He makes the case that after 25 years of intangible, internet-driven expansion, growth may increasingly depend on building physical things again: data centers, electrical infrastructure, factories, defense systems, satellites. Jeff walks through the forces driving this transition, from AI's voracious appetite for capital to geopolitical tensions reshaping supply chains and defense spending. The conversation examines how these macro themes connect to bottom-up stock selection, where the U.S. mid-cap team is finding opportunities today, and why maintaining inherent contradictions in the portfolio remains essential even as thematic investing dominates market behavior.

• Why producing one unit of GDP today requires about a third as much oil as in the 1970s, yet capital expenditure per unit of GDP growth may be rising as the economy shifts from intangible services back toward physical infrastructure and manufacturing.

• How AI data center buildouts, reshoring of manufacturing, rising defense budgets, and the expanding space economy are all driving higher demand for physical capital, commodities, and industrial capacity after a decade of underinvestment.

• How the hyperscalers (Google, Amazon, Microsoft, Meta) are moving from massive net cash positions to net debt as they fund AI infrastructure, tightening capital availability for the rest of the economy and potentially raising interest rates and dampening consumer spending.

• Where the U.S. mid-cap team is finding opportunities aligned with these themes, from companies like Northrop Grumman, SanDisk, and OSI Systems, while maintaining portfolio balance through inherent contradictions.

• Why humility matters most when contemplating big-picture themes: the goal isn't predicting the future but building a diversified portfolio of wealth-creating companies that can withstand multiple scenarios.

[00:00] Introduction: From Intangible to Physical Economy

[00:50] Opening Discussion with Jeff Moe

[01:42] Oil Efficiency vs. Rising CapEx Requirements

[03:39] Economic Growth: Labor, Capital, and Productivity

[04:11] Infrastructure Investment and Reshoring Trends

[06:52] Defense Spending and Capital Intensity

[07:08] The Space Economy: Satellites and Connectivity

[11:00] Memory Market Dynamics and Contract Changes

[12:22] Cyclicality in a Capital-Intensive Economy

[15:04] Consumption vs. Investment: Portfolio Implications

[17:44] Connecting Themes to Bottom-Up Research

[18:44] Idea Generation and Stock Selection Process

[21:32] Winners and Losers: The Bits to Atoms Trade

[22:00] Portfolio Construction: Inherent Contradictions

[25:21] Where the Theme Might Be Wrong

[26:09] Long-Term Wealth Creation and Economic Optimism

[28:18] Closing and Subscription Information

Host:
Rob Campbell, CFA
Institutional Portfolio Manager

Guest:
Jeff Mo, CFA
Portfolio Manager

This episode is available for download anywhere you get your podcasts.

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