James Monroe was the last Founding Father to serve as President and the final member of the "Virginia Dynasty." A Revolutionary War hero who crossed the Delaware with Washington, he bridged the gap between the generation of 1776 and the new age of Jacksonian democracy.

His presidency (1817–1825) is known as the "Era of Good Feelings," a period of one-party rule (the Federalists had collapsed) and surging nationalism. However, this label masked deep sectional cracks, including the Panic of 1819 and the fierce debate over the Missouri Compromise.

His most enduring legacy is the Monroe Doctrine (1823), a bold foreign policy statement warning European powers that the Western Hemisphere was closed to future colonization. Though largely written by Secretary of State John Quincy Adams, it established the U.S. as the dominant power in the Americas.

Under his watch, the U.S. acquired Florida from Spain (Adams-Onís Treaty), resolving a long-standing border crisis and ending the use of the peninsula as a haven for escaped slaves and Seminole raiders.

Like Jefferson and Madison, Monroe died on July 4th (in 1831), becoming the third president to pass away on Independence Day, a coincidence that stunned the nation.

"He was the last of the cocked hats, a Revolutionary soldier who became the architect of American dominance in the Western Hemisphere."

James Monroe: The Last Founding Father

James Monroe was the ultimate resume builder of the early republic. Before becoming President, he had been a Senator, Governor of Virginia, Minister to France and Britain, Secretary of State, and Secretary of War (simultaneously!). He was physically wounded at the Battle of Trenton in the Revolutionary War, carrying a musket ball in his shoulder for the rest of his life. When he took office in 1817, he famously wore the style of the old revolution—knee breeches and tricorn hats—long after they had gone out of fashion, earning him the nickname "The Last Cocked Hat."

His presidency is often remembered for its foreign policy triumphs. The acquisition of Florida in 1819 finally secured the southern border, and the Monroe Doctrine in 1823 drew a line in the sand against European imperialism. But domestically, Monroe presided over a nation that was beginning to tear itself apart. The Missouri Compromise of 1820, which he signed, temporarily settled the issue of slavery's expansion by drawing a geographical line across the continent. Monroe, a lifelong enslaver who owned a plantation called Highland (near Jefferson’s Monticello), privately believed slavery would eventually end but did nothing to hasten its demise, supporting instead the colonization of freed slaves to Africa (which is why the capital of Liberia is named Monrovia).

Monroe left office popular but destitute. He had spent decades in public service, often using his own money to fund diplomatic missions. He was forced to sell his beloved Highland estate to pay off debts and spent his final years living in a spare room at his daughter’s house in New York City. He died there on July 4, 1831—exactly five years after Jefferson and Adams—marking the symbolic end of the Founding Era.

Constituency Context: The United States (1820 Census Data) Population: ~9.6 Million.

The Growth: The population had grown by a massive 33% since 1810. The country was moving West at a breakneck pace.

Demographics:

Enslaved Population: ~1.5 Million (roughly 16% of the total population).

Urbanization: For the first time, a U.S. city (New York) surpassed 100,000 residents.

New States: During his presidency, Mississippi (1817), Illinois (1818), Alabama (1819), Maine (1820), and Missouri (1821) joined the Union.

The Economy: The Panic of 1819 was the first major peacetime financial crisis in U.S. history, causing widespread bank failures and foreclosures, shattering the illu...