The podcast that explores the world of work through the lens of the law. Curated by Attorneys Stefano Trifirò, Mariapaola Rovetta Arici, and Jacopo Moretti – Trifirò & Partners Avvocati

Posts, Chats, and Dismissals: How Far Does the Right to Criticize Extend?

Can a sarcastic comment on Facebook or a WhatsApp chat really cost someone their job? The answer is less straightforward than it may seem. The Constitution protects freedom of expression and the right to criticize, but this right is not absolute: when words cross the line and become insults or defamation—especially in a public setting—the consequence may include dismissal.

The Court of Cassation has clarified that private chats remain inviolable correspondence, even if transmitted through the employer’s server or reviewed after the termination of the employment relationship. Nevertheless, tone, content, and context can make all the difference. A complaint voiced in a closed group is one thing; a public post capable of damaging the company’s image is quite another.

This is where the real issue arises: where does legitimate criticism end and insult begin? The distinction depends on factors such as the purpose of the message, the audience to which it is directed, the language used, and the impact on the employer.

On the other hand, employers do not have unlimited discretion: monitoring is permitted only when targeted, defensive, and proportionate, based on a well-founded suspicion of abuse, and always in compliance with the Workers’ Statute and privacy regulations. Generalized surveillance or “witch hunts” are not allowed; every intervention must remain within clearly defined limits.

In this episode of our podcast, we will explore this delicate balance between individual freedom and corporate protection. We will examine recent case law, assess which behaviors can genuinely expose employees to the risk of dismissal and which instead fall squarely within the right to criticize, and offer practical guidance for both employees and employers.