Every war has an ending. This one took about 150 years to reach it.

This is Episode 10, the final episode of our mini-series on Japanese history, made for JLPT N5–N3 learners. In about seven minutes, you'll follow the last chapter of the Warring States period: the death of Toyotomi Hideyoshi in 1598, the Battle of Sekigahara (関ヶ原の戦い) of 1600 that was settled in a single day, and Tokugawa Ieyasu becoming shōgun (将軍 / shogun) in 1603 — which still did not end the fighting.

We then move to Osaka Castle, where the rōnin (浪人 / ronin) of Japan gathered around Toyotomi Hideyori. You'll hear how the moats were filled in after the Winter Siege of 1614, how Sanada Yukimura fought his last battle in the Summer Siege of 1615, and how the fall of the castle closed the age of great wars. Finally, we look at what peace looked like: samurai working as officials for the shogunate and their domains, Edo growing into one of the largest cities in the world, and kabuki, ukiyo-e and haiku taking shape in a time without war — 天下泰平 (tenka taihei), peace under heaven.

You'll also learn the expression 天下分け目 (tenka wakeme), used today for the match that decides everything, and five useful everyday words: 気になる (ki ni naru), 埋める (umeru), 決まり (kimari), 仕組み (shikumi), and 表す (arawasu).

This is the last episode of the mini-series. If you haven't heard the earlier episodes yet — Nobunaga, Hideyoshi, Ieyasu, castles, ninja and battle tactics — this is a good time to go back and listen.

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One hero, one sword, one duel — that's the battle you know from anime and games. In this episode, we step onto a real Warring States battlefield.

This is Episode 9 of our mini-series on Japanese history, made for JLPT N5–N3 learners. In about seven minutes, you'll meet the ashigaru (足軽), the foot soldiers who were the real main players, and see how flags, drums, and the horagai (法螺貝) moved an army of thousands. Then we look at how guns (鉄砲 / teppō / teppou) changed warfare, and what really decided the Battle of Nagashino (長篠の戦い) in 1575.

You'll also learn 先陣を切る (senjin o kiru), a battlefield phrase still used today, and five useful everyday words: 主役 (shuyaku), 並ぶ (narabu), 命令 (meirei), 合図 (aizu), and 組み合わせる (kumiawaseru).

Next episode: The end of the Warring States period — Sekigahara, the Siege of Osaka, and the long peace that followed.

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Black clothes, throwing stars, secret techniques — that's the ninja you know from anime and games. In this episode we look at what the ninja of the Warring States period were really like.

This is Episode 8 of our mini-series on Japanese history, made for JLPT N5–N3 learners. In about seven minutes, you'll learn that a ninja's real job was gathering information (情報 / jōhō / jouhou), why Iga (伊賀) and Koga (甲賀 / Kōka / Kouka) became famous, and where the black costume actually came from — the kabuki (歌舞伎) stage of the Edo period. We also meet Hattori Hanzo (服部半蔵 / Hattori Hanzō / Hattori Hanzou), the "strongest ninja" of games who was in fact a spearman, and whose name still lives on at Tokyo's Hanzomon (半蔵門) subway station.

You'll also pick up five useful everyday words: 情報 (jōhō), 集める (atsumeru), 協力 (kyōryoku), 危険な (kiken na), and 無事に (buji ni).

Next episode: Battle tactics — how huge armies were moved, and how guns changed the way wars were fought.

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