Meta & Fysikken copertina

Meta & Fysikken

Meta & Fysikken

Di: Dr. Karina Kjær & Anders Jensen
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Vi taler om universet, tiden, jordkloden, mennesket og meget mere. Ingen akademisk baggrund nødvendig. Vi bringer det hele ned i øjenhøjde!Anders Jensen & Karina Kjær Filosofia Scienza Scienze sociali
Episodi
  • Meta & Fysikken: Afsnit 126: Black Hole Sun / Star

    Meta & Fysikken: Afsnit 126: Black Hole Sun / Star
    Oct 22 2026
    1: Black Hole Star - (Jeg har haft "Black Hole Sun" fra Soundgarden på hjernen siden jeg hørte om de her!)2: Observationer from JWST3: Danskere er dybt involveret!4: Debatten5: Mysteriet om Betelgeuse er løst!In August 2026, astronomers using the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) published data confirming a brand-new, highly controversial class of astrophysical objects: "Black Hole Stars" (sometimes written as BH*). This discovery directly connects to the famous, unexplained "Little Red Dots" that JWST has been spotting everywhere in the deep, early universe.https://news.mit.edu/2026/astronomers-discover-brand-new-type-astrophysical-object-black-hole-star-0812https://science.nasa.gov/missions/webb/nasa-webb-finds-strongest-evidence-yet-for-black-hole-stars/1. The Core Discovery: What is a "Black Hole Star"?The Object: Astronomers analyzed a specific Little Red Dot named GLIMPSE-17775 (and another named BH1ar). They discovered an object shining 100 billion times brighter than our sun, but it’s compressed into a region only the size of our solar system.The Anatomy: It is not a normal star powered by nuclear fusion. Instead, it is a supermassive black hole trapped inside a colossal, hyper-dense cocoon of hydrogen gas. As the black hole aggressively swallows the gas from the inside, the friction heats the surrounding cocoon to extreme temperatures, making the whole structure glow violently like a single monster star.Imagine a giant hollow planet made of glowing hot gas, but inside the living room at the center sits a ravenous monster eating the house from the inside out.2. The Connection to the "Little Red Dots" (LRDs)The Background: Ever since JWST turned on, it has been finding hundreds of tiny, intensely bright, blood-red points of light in the ultra-early universe (just 400 to 600 million years after the Big Bang).The Paradox: These objects presented a massive headache for physicists. If they were normal galaxies, they would have to be the densest galaxies in the universe to pack that much light into such a tiny space. But if they were standard open black holes (quasars), they shouldn't look so red, and they shouldn't be completely invisible to X-ray telescopes.The "Disguise" Solved: The Black Hole Star model elegantly explains this. The massive hydrogen cocoon acts as an "almost perfect disguise". It completely smothers and traps the high-energy X-rays, while scattering the light and shifting it into the deep infrared spectrum—turning a terrifying cosmic engine into a harmless-looking, tiny red dot on JWST’s sensors.3. The Niels Bohr Institute & The Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN) & DTU Space er involveret i dette!The Hub: Located at the University of Copenhagen, the Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN) is an international powerhouse specifically built to study the early universe using JWST data.The Key Discovery: A team led by Professor Darach Watson at DAWN was instrumental in analyzing the highest-quality JWST spectra of these Little Red Dots. They were the ones who proved that the dots are indeed active, young supermassive black holes enshrouded in ionized, dense gas cocoons—accruing matter right at the structural limit.The Global Archive: Even international teams—like the researchers who published the breakthrough on GLIMPSE-17775—rely directly on the Dawn JWST Archive (DJA). This is a massive, Danish-funded data repository operated in Copenhagen that standardizes and processes raw JWST data for astronomers worldwide.DTU Space (Technical University of Denmark): The "Black Hole Star" Confirmation: Associate Professor Kasper Elm Heintz from DTU Space was a leading co-author on the landmark paper establishing the "Black Hole Star" classification for these specific cocoons. He famously noted that finding an object that behaves simultaneously like a single gargantuan star and a ravenous black hole is a brand-new milestone for modern astronomy.4. The Big Debate: Breaking the Laws of PhysicsThere are currently two competing camps of scientists arguing over what these things mean:Camp A (The "Rule Breakers"): This camp argues that Black Hole Stars prove that early black holes smashed right through the Eddington Limit. Because the dense cocoon traps the light particles (photons), the black hole can gorge itself on matter at "super-Eddington" speeds. This perfectly solves the "Impossible Early Black Hole" problem by explaining how they grew so big, so fast.What is the Eddington limit? It is the universal speed limit for how fast a black hole can eat. If a black hole eats too fast, the friction generates so much light and radiation that the outward pressure literally blows its food away.Camp B (The "Optical Illusion" Camp): Other astronomers are skeptical. They found that the dense, churning gas cocoons mess with the light waves, blurring the data. This might be an optical illusion that tricks our math, making the black holes look 25 times more massive than they ...
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    1 ora e 20 min
  • Meta & Fysikken: Afsnit 125: SpaceX, Nye kratere på månen, asteroide mod jorden

    Meta & Fysikken: Afsnit 125: SpaceX, Nye kratere på månen, asteroide mod jorden
    Oct 2 2026
    Vi vender noget af alt det, der er sket siden vi sidst optog midt på sommeren. 1: Space X - Flight 142: Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope3: Månen har fået 2 nye kratere:3.1: Space Debris Impact Event Aug. 5th3.2: Asteroide impact: McGetchin Crater 4: Hvad hvis vi havde haft en månebase?5: Pga. 2024 YR4 som IKKE rammer Jorden i 2032--Topic 1: Starship Flight 14 – "It Finally Reached Orbit!" Yesterday, September 28, 2026, SpaceX launched Starship Flight 14 from Starbase, Texas, and achieved its biggest milestone in program history—Starship reached low Earth orbit for the very first time!The Drama (An Engine Fails): It almost didn't make it. During ascent, one of Starship’s six upper-stage engines shut down prematurely. Mission control briefly panicked, but since everything else was performing perfectly, they pushed through and fired the remaining engines to slip into orbit.The Payload (20x the Bandwidth): For the first time ever, Starship wasn't just a hollow test tank. It carried and successfully deployed an operational stack of 26 next-generation Starlink V3 satellites. SpaceX noted that deploying these huge new V3 satellites was equivalent to flying 20 Falcon 9 rockets at once in terms of bandwidth capacity.The Fiery Finish: SpaceX originally planned a 10-hour, 6-orbit flight, but cut it short to 3 hours for safety. Upon re-entry over the Pacific Ocean north of Hawaii, Starship completed a landing burn but tipped over and exploded into a massive fireball on the water.Space X 28.09.26 boiled down to 15min: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mSQnhKKmC1sTopic 2: The Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope – "The Mother of Dark Matter"Just 4 weeks ago, on August 30, 2026, a SpaceX Falcon Heavy launched NASA's next flagship observatory, the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope. It is currently on a 3-month cruise to the Lagrange 2 (L2) point. Just days ago on September 25, NASA confirmed all global ground networks are officially locked in to receive its data.The Hardware (The T-Rex Analogy): The telescope is roughly the size of a city tour bus and weighs as much as a Tyrannosaurus Rex (about 4.1 metric tons). It uses a 2.4-meter mirror (the same size as Hubble's).The Superpower (100x Wider View): While it has the resolution of Hubble, its 300-megapixel wide-field infrared camera gives it a field of view 100 times larger than Hubble or JWST.If Hubble is looking through a narrow straw to examine a single pixel of the sky, Roman is a massive widescreen IMAX theater looking at the entire wall at once. It will map the universe 1,000 times faster than Hubble.The Mission: Because it can photograph hundreds of millions of galaxies in a fraction of the time, it is designed to track how dark matter clusters together and measure how dark energy is ripping the expansion of the universe apart. It will also down-link a crushing 1.4 terabytes of data every single dayThis new Space Telescope has a primary mirror gifted by the National Reconnaissance Office from an unused spy satellite program. Initial Steps: precise initial trajectory maneuvers have left the spacecraft with sufficient fuel reserves to potentially operate for over two decades rather than the originally budgeted ten years. Source: https://arstechnica.com/space/2026/09/the-roman-telescope-has-enough-gas-for-22-years-double-nasas-expectations/Topic 3: To nye Månekrater NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) recently captured the dramatic aftermath of two completely distinct impact events on the moon.Link: https://science.nasa.gov/solar-system/moon/nasas-moon-orbiter-spots-new-once-in-century-moon-crater/1. The Human-Made Impact: The SpaceX Falcon 9 CrashThe Event: On August 5, 2026, a spent 4-ton SpaceX Falcon 9 upper stage rocket crashed into the moon near Einstein Crater at about 8700 km/hBackstory: The rocket originally launched in January 2025 to deliver two commercial lunar landers (Firefly Aerospace's Blue Ghost-1 and iSpace's Hakuto-R). After completing its mission, it was left drifting in an unstable, highly elongated orbit until the combined gravitational pull of the Earth, Moon, and Sun pulled it in for an unavoidable crash. [1, 2]The Crater: The crash left an unintentional 18-meter wide and 3m deep crater.Scientific Value: The NASA LRO team had to precisely tilt the orbiter to photograph the spot, knowing that a timing error of just 10 seconds would miss the target by miles. Because scientists knew the exact mass and speed of the rocket, this accidental impact serves as a perfect controlled experiment to study how lunar soil reacts to high-velocity impacts. [Der er altid noget at lære, også selvom det måske ikke var med vilje]2. The McGetchin CraterThe Scale: The impact excavated a massive pit measuring 222 meters wide and 43 meters deep. This is the length of two football fields and deep enough to stack three city buses vertically.The Impactor: The culprit was a ...
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    1 ora e 10 min
  • Meta & Fysikken: Afsnit 123: AI - Hvad er egentlig meningen med det?

    Meta & Fysikken: Afsnit 123: AI - Hvad er egentlig meningen med det?
    Jul 10 2026
    Vi går lidt i dybden med AI og stiller en række spørgsmål. Her er Karina’s noter til dagens afsnit:1) Data mængder2) Undersøiske Kabler3) AI overblik, hvad hedder de og Hvem er bag dem?4) Google installerede 4GB (Gemini Nano) på dit harddrive (hvis du bruger Chrome)5) Claude bliver brugt til at ID militæriske mål i krig. 6) Er vi produktet?7) Claude har J-Space!8) Pavens Brev om AI9) Last Q ---------1: Data produced vs. Data storagehttps://rivery.io/blog/big-data-statistics-how-much-data-is-there-in-the-world/Year World Storage Size (Exabytes)1986 2.6 EB1993 15.8 EB2000 54.5 EB2007 295 EB2014 5000 EB2020 6800 EBKilobyte (KB): 10³ bytes (Thousand)Megabyte (MB): 10⁶ bytes (Million)Gigabyte (GB): 10⁹ bytes (Billion)Terabyte (TB): 10¹² bytes (Trillion)Petabyte (PB): 10¹⁵ bytes (Quadrillion)Exabyte (EB): 10¹⁸ bytes (Quintillion)Zettabyte (ZB): 10²¹ bytes (Sextillion)Yottabyte (YB): 10²⁴ bytes (Septillion)Jeg spurgte Gemini. Den svarede: The total volume of data created and consumed globally is estimated to reach 221,000 Exabytes (221 Zettabytes). 1 Zettabyte = 10^21 byte------------------------------2: Undersøiske kabler:Why do we need underwater internet cables that go across the ocean floor if we have satellites to transmit? This is not quite adding up?There are two reasons to prefer cables. The most often cited, is latency, which is by far the leastimportant. The least mentioned and most important is power efficiency.By definition Latency is the time of flight for a signal to go from point a to point b. This is not to be confused with bandwidth. A cable 6,000 km long would connect NY and London. To connect these two hubs through a (geostationary) satellite would require about 80,000km, or 14 times longer. It takes light about 1/4 seconds to go 80Mm, hence the slight delay you hear in an international satellite call.Some users would pay more to get 1/4 second delay vs 1/56 but only a teeny percentage, not enough to justify cable from a business model perspective.How about power efficiency? Suppose we have a two watt signal. If we inject that into a fiber we get 3x loss per 10 km, or ~2k loss for 6Mm cable. So we get 1mW in London if we send 2W from NY. Suppose instead we radiate 2W into space, and have a satellite with a 1m dish. Then we get (spherical spreading loss) about .0000000000000001 Watts of signal on the satellite. And we haven’t even made it back to the ground yet!Which do you prefer: 1mW or 10−13 mW?-------------------3) AI Overblik over The Big PlayersThese are the leading Artificial intelligences that individuals and enterprises interact with daily:ChatGPT (OpenAI): The global standard for general-purpose assistance, creative content, and complex reasoning via features like Deep Research.Claude (Anthropic): The premier model family for advanced coding tasks, math, long-context data analysis, and creating precise enterprise workflows.Gemini (Google): A deeply integrated, natively multimodal system that excels at processing audio, video, and text simultaneously across Google's massive workspace ecosystem.Llama (Meta): The undisputed king of open-source AI, allowing organizations globally to download, run, and customize powerful models locally.Apple's er ikke på listen som sådan. De har Apple Intelligence, som er en integreret del i deres OS. Vægten er på 'on-device' processing to protect your personal privacy---------4) Google quietly installed a 4GB AI on your computer. No notification. No opt-in. Over a billion devices.Senator Warren is publicly demanding answers about what it collects.Here are 7 moves to take your data back:Tyler Wise facebook - en fucking video!Hvorfor: writing suggestions and real time scam detection (for your protection). Det lyder jo godt. Men, hvad ser den ellers af din data og hvad sender den tilbage?Hvis du vil checke om det er installeret på din PC/Mobil tlf. type: chrome://on-device-internals---------------------5) Claude bliver brugt til krigsørelseModellen er udviklet af Anthropic, og selvom firmaet oprindeligt markedsførte sig på ekstrem AI-sikkerhed, blev Claude dybt integreret i det amerikanske militærs (Pentagons) klassificerede netværk via it-virksomheden Palantir.-Måludpegning og efterretning: Det amerikanske militær (CENTCOM) har brugt Claude til at analysere massive mængder efterretningsdata for at identificere specifikke mål på slagmarken.-Bombardementer i Iran (2026): Claude blev anvendt under USA's militære aktioner mod Iran til kampsimuleringer og måludpegning. Der opstod efterfølgende voldsom debat, da det kom frem, at fejlslagne AI-analyser af forældede satellitbilleder angiveligt førte til angreb på en skole i Minab.-Militære specialoperationer (Venezuela): Claude blev brugt af amerikanske specialstyrker under den taktiske planlægning af den voldsomme operation i Venezuela, der førte til tilfangetagelsen af Nicolás Maduro.I juni 2026 udstedte et akut ...
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    1 ora e 21 min
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