Episodi

  • The Last Caliph: Abdülmecid II and the End of an Era — Fexingo History

    The Last Caliph: Abdülmecid II and the End of an Era — Fexingo History
    Apr 27 2026
    When the Turkish Grand National Assembly abolished the sultanate in 1922, the Ottoman Empire was already a ghost. But what about the caliphate? In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the strange, twilight reign of Abdülmecid II, the last caliph of Islam. From his coronation in a quiet Istanbul palace, his tenuous relationship with Mustafa Kemal, to his sudden expulsion on a cold March night in 1924, this is the story of a man who never asked for power but found himself the symbol of a lost empire. Along the way, we uncover the political maneuvers in Ankara that sealed his fate, the controversy over the caliphate's future, and the quiet life he built in exile. Featuring the Indian Khilafat Movement, the role of İsmet İnönü, and the final, poignant moment when Abdülmecid was given thirty-six hours to leave Turkey forever.

    #AbdLmecidII #LastCaliph #OttomanCaliphate #MustafaKemal #SmetNN #KhilafatMovement #DolmabahEPalace #AbolitionOfCaliphate #1924 #TurkishRepublic #Istanbul #Ankara #Exile #OttomanHistory #EarlyRepublic #History #FexingoHistory #Podcast #OttomanEmpire #WorldWarI

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    4 min
  • The Last Sultan: Mehmed VI's Exile from Istanbul — Fexingo History

    The Last Sultan: Mehmed VI's Exile from Istanbul — Fexingo History
    Apr 26 2026
    In the autumn of 1922, the last Ottoman sultan, Mehmed VI Vahideddin, fled Istanbul in the dead of night aboard the HMS Malaya, never to return. This episode follows the final months of his reign: the collapse of the sultanate, the last imperial Friday selamlık ceremony, his clandestine plea to British General Sir Charles Harington, and the legal and emotional stripping of his title. We explore the fate of the Ottoman dynasty after the abolition of the sultanate in November 1922, the subsequent exile of over 140 members of the House of Osman, and how the new Turkish Republic under Mustafa Kemal Atatürk methodically dismantled Ottoman sovereignty. Drawing on the memoirs of Mehmed's aides and British diplomatic cables, we uncover the quiet desperation of a sultan abandoned by his allies and his own people, and the exile decree that barred him—and all his descendants—from ever setting foot in Turkey again.

    #MehmedVI #LastSultan #OttomanExile #AbolitionOfSultanate #HMSMalaya #SirCharlesHarington #MustafaKemal #HouseOfOsman #TurkishRepublic #1922 #Sultanate #Exile #Istanbul #SelamlK #OttomanHistory #FexingoHistory #History #WWI #OttomanEmpire #WorldWarI

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    10 min
  • The Greek Catastrophe: Smyrna 1922 — Fexingo History

    The Greek Catastrophe: Smyrna 1922 — Fexingo History
    Apr 26 2026
    In September 1922, the ancient Greek city of Smyrna—modern-day Izmir—burned for days, marking the final act of the Greco-Turkish War and the end of the Ottoman Empire's Greek presence. This episode dives into the Great Fire of Smyrna, a catastrophe that killed tens of thousands and uprooted centuries-old communities. Lucas and Luna explore the background of the Greek invasion of Anatolia in 1919, the rise of the Turkish National Movement under Mustafa Kemal, and the pivotal Battle of Sakarya. They discuss the role of Nikolaos Trikoupis, the Greek commander who surrendered, and the controversial figure of Chrysostomos, the Greek Orthodox metropolitan who was lynched by a mob. The episode also touches on the population exchange that followed, which reshaped the demographics of both Greece and Turkey. Drawing on first-hand accounts from Ernest Hemingway and others, Lucas paints a vivid picture of the chaos, the fire's disputed origins, and the human cost of a war that ended the Ottoman dream of empire for good.

    #GreatFireOfSmyrna #GrecoTurkishWar #MustafaKemal #NikolaosTrikoupis #Chrysostomos #BattleOfSakarya #PopulationExchange #ErnestHemingway #Smyrna1922 #TurkishWarOfIndependence #OttomanEmpire #GreekGenocide #LloydGeorge #Hellenism #Izmir #TreatyOfLausanne #History #FexingoHistory #WorldWarI #MiddleEastHistory

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    6 min
  • The Caliphate's Last Stand: Ankara 1922 — Fexingo History

    The Caliphate's Last Stand: Ankara 1922 — Fexingo History
    Apr 25 2026
    In 1922, the Ottoman Sultanate was officially abolished, but the caliphate lingered for two more years. This episode focuses on the political maneuvering and crisis that led to the final break. We explore the Ankara government's struggle for legitimacy, the role of Grand National Assembly debates, the last sultan Mehmed VI's exile, and the controversial figure of Abdülmecid II, who became caliph without temporal power. How did the Turkish nationalists transform a centuries-old institution into a symbolic relic? And what did ordinary citizens make of this radical change? We also touch on the little-known 'Caliphate Conference' of 1924 and the quiet resistance from religious conservatives. Names like Mustafa Kemal, İsmet İnönü, and the journalist Hüseyin Cahit Yalçın enter the story. The episode ends on a reflective note: what does it mean when a political body that once claimed universal sovereignty becomes a footnote?

    #Caliphate #AbolitionOfCaliphate #MehmedVI #AbdulmecidII #AnkaraGovernment #TurkishNationalism #MustafaKemal #IsmetInonu #1922 #Sultanate #CaliphateConference #HuseyinCahitYalcin #OttomanEmpire #WorldWarI #FexingoHistory #MiddleEastHistory #Turkey #History #SickManOfEurope #GallipoliCampaign

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    6 min
  • Stambouline and Fez: How Ataturk Erased Ottoman Identity — Fexingo History

    Stambouline and Fez: How Ataturk Erased Ottoman Identity — Fexingo History
    Apr 25 2026
    How do you erase an empire from the minds of its people? In the years after World War I, Mustafa Kemal Ataturk didn't just defeat foreign occupiers—he waged a cultural revolution against the Ottoman past. This episode of Fexingo History dives into the 1925 Hat Law, which banned the fez and turban in favor of Western hats, and the 1928 adoption of the Latin alphabet to replace Arabic script. Lucas and Luna explore how these reforms severed Turkey from its Ottoman heritage, the resistance they sparked (including the Menemen Incident and the execution of Mustafa Fehmi Kubilay), and the legacy of forced secularization—from language purges banning Persian and Arabic loanwords to the state-run call to prayer in Turkish. We also discuss the women's rights reforms of 1926–1934, the polygamy ban, and the uneasy balance between modernization and erasure. From the Law on the Abolition of Caliphate to the Sheik Said Rebellion, this episode reveals the painful birth of a nation—and the price of starting over.

    #Ataturk #HatLaw1925 #Fez #OttomanEmpire #TurkishRepublic #AlphabetReform #Secularization #MenemenIncident #Kubilay #SheikSaidRebellion #CaliphateAbolished #TurkishLanguage #WomenRightsTurkey #PolygamyBan #SurnameLaw #History #FexingoHistory #MiddleEastHistory #WorldWarI #SickManOfEurope

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    8 min
  • The Forgotten Peace: How Mudros Ended the Ottoman War — Fexingo History

    The Forgotten Peace: How Mudros Ended the Ottoman War — Fexingo History
    Apr 24 2026
    In this episode, Lucas and Luna explore the Armistice of Mudros, the 1918 agreement that effectively ended Ottoman participation in World War I. They discuss the tense negotiations aboard HMS Agamemnon, the British-led terms that dismantled Ottoman control over the Dardanelles and the Caucasus, and the key figures involved: Ottoman naval minister Rauf Orbay and British Admiral Somerset Arthur Gough-Calthorpe. The episode examines how Mudros set the stage for the occupation of Constantinople, the rise of Turkish nationalism under Mustafa Kemal, and the eventual Treaty of Sèvres. It also touches on the Armenian and Greek dimensions, the fate of the Ottoman Sixth Army, and the little-known Cairo Conference that shaped post-war borders. A nuanced look at the moment the Ottoman Empire truly crumbled.

    #ArmisticeOfMudros #RaufOrbay #AdmiralCalthorpe #HMSAgamemnon #Dardanelles #Caucasus #MustafaKemal #TreatyOfSevres #OttomanEmpire #WorldWarI #SomersetArthurGoughCalthorpe #CairoConference #ArmenianQuestion #GreekOccupation #Constantinople #WWIEnd #FexingoHistory #History #MiddleEastHistory #SickManOfEurope

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    10 min
  • How the Ottomans Lost Arabia: The Battle for Mecca — Fexingo History

    How the Ottomans Lost Arabia: The Battle for Mecca — Fexingo History
    Apr 24 2026
    In 1916, the Ottoman Empire faced a rebellion from within the Arab provinces. This episode explores the Arab Revolt, focusing on the Siege of Medina and the crucial role of T.E. Lawrence. Lucas details the strategic miscalculations of the Ottoman commander Fakhri Pasha, who defended Medina long after it was strategically obsolete, and the impact of the revolt on the empire's southern flank. Luna asks about the reality behind Lawrence's legend, leading to a discussion of his guerrilla tactics and the complex motivations of Sharif Hussein. The episode also covers the controversial British promises to both Arabs and Zionists, setting the stage for the modern Middle East.

    #ArabRevolt #TELawrence #FakhriPasha #SharifHussein #SiegeOfMedina #HejazRailway #BalfourDeclaration #SykesPicot #OttomanEmpire #WWI #MiddleEast #Mecca #Medina #GuerrillaWarfare #BritishEmpire #History #FexingoHistory #WorldWarI #MiddleEastHistory #SickManOfEurope

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    6 min
  • How World War I Ended the Ottoman Empire Forever – Pilot — Fexingo History

    How World War I Ended the Ottoman Empire Forever – Pilot — Fexingo History
    Apr 23 2026
    In Episode 1, we begin in the autumn of 1914, aboard the Ottoman warship Yavuz Sultan Selim as it steams into the Black Sea to bombard Russian ports—an act that would seal the empire's fate. We meet the key players: Sultan Mehmed V, Enver Pasha, and Talaat Pasha, the Young Turk triumvirate who dragged a crumbling state into a global war. We explore the empire's fragile economy, its loss of Balkan territories just two years earlier, and the strategic gamble of allying with Germany. This episode sets the stage for the entire series, asking: How did a six-hundred-year-old dynasty collapse in just four years? We touch on the Gallipoli campaign, the Arab Revolt, the Armenian Genocide, and the Treaty of Sèvres—events that will be explored in depth later. A pilot that frames the Ottoman experience of WWI not as a side show, but as the central drama that reshaped the modern Middle East.

    #OttomanEmpire #WorldWarI #YoungTurks #EnverPasha #TalaatPasha #Gallipoli #ArabRevolt #ArmenianGenocide #TreatyOfSevres #SultanMehmedV #YavuzSultanSelim #BlackSea #MiddleEast #History #FexingoHistory #EmpireCollapse #TotalWar #PilotEpisode #MiddleEastHistory #SickManOfEurope

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    9 min