El Niño

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El Niño

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Strange weather around the world is often blamed on El Niño. Who is this “boy,” and how does he cause so much trouble? El Niño is simply warmer-than-normal water in the Pacific, off South America. It was first noticed by sailors in the 1600s, who named it after the Christ Child since it came in December. We now know that El Niño lasts several months to several years, returns every 2 to 7 years, and is caused by atmospheric pressure. In a normal year, high pressure over the Pacific and low pressure over Australia and Indonesia form trade winds. These blow west across the Pacific, pushing warm surface water with them—which brings humidity and rain to Australia. Meanwhile, cold water from the deep replaces the exiting warm water, replenishing nutrients and fish stocks along South America. But in an El Niño year, the high- and low-pressure areas are reversed, and trade winds stop. Warm water stays put. Australia and Indonesia get less rain. South America gets it instead. The shifting temperature patterns alter the jet stream, which changes the tracks of seasonal rains. This makes it warmer and drier in the northern U.S. and Canada. Colder and wetter in the southern U.S. And causes droughts as far away as India. La Niña is a natural compensation—colder-than-normal water in the western Pacific—which sometimes follows El Niño and brings opposite weather effects.

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