In the year 1338, in a high valley under the Tian Shan in what is now Kyrgyzstan, a community of traders buried its dead and carved a few lines on each stone. One reads, in the words of the scientists who translated it: "This is the tomb of the believer Sanmaq. He died of pestilence." In 2022 the teeth of people buried there gave up the genome of a plague strain at the root of the family tree behind the Black Death. Eight years after those stones were cut, the same disease was outside the walls of Caffa on the Black Sea; within ten it had reached Italy, France and England.

Most of what we picture when we hear "the Black Death" came later, or rests on very little: the beaked mask, the children's rhyme about a ring of roses, the bodies thrown over the walls of a besieged city, even the name. This film follows the disease west, town by town and season by season, through the words of the people who were there or who wrote down what they heard, from Boccaccio's Florence to Avignon, Paris, the Dorset coast, Strasbourg, Bergen and Moscow, and says plainly which witnesses saw it and which wrote later. Then it settles each myth against the record, and the rats debate fairly, on both sides.

About two hours long, narrated slowly enough to fall asleep to or listen to closely.

A note on sensitive content: historians estimate the plague killed between a third and well over half of the people, depending on the region, and in some towns Jewish communities were falsely blamed and murdered. Deaths and persecution are stated plainly and are never shown.

Chapters
0:00 Cold Open: "Died of Pestilence"
4:44 Issyk-Kul, 1338
12:36 Caffa, 1346
20:11 The Sea Lanes, 1347
27:05 Pisa and Venice, Winter 1348
32:41 Florence, Spring 1348
45:25 Florence and Siena, Summer 1348
51:52 Avignon, Spring 1348
58:48 Paris and Givry, Autumn 1348
1:06:07 Melcombe, Midsummer 1348
1:13:19 Strasbourg, Winter 1349
1:20:32 Bergen and Moscow, 1349–1353
1:27:48 The World They Made, 1349–1381
1:39:35 The Mask, the Rhyme and the Rats
1:53:41 Happy People of the Future

Watch the illustrated version, with real archive photographs: https://youtu.be/uolFPDY0G1I

Sources are listed in the YouTube description. Narration uses an AI voice.

Just before seven on the morning of Monday 28 April 1986, the day shift arriving at the Forsmark nuclear plant in Sweden set off the radiation alarms at the gate. The staff assumed Forsmark was leaking. It was not: the radiation was on their shoes. Two days earlier, at 1:23 in the morning, a reactor had exploded at Chernobyl in Ukraine, and Moscow was still denying that anything had happened. In August the Soviet Union told the world's nuclear experts in Vienna who was to blame: the men on the night shift. The experts largely accepted it.

Six years later, the same experts published a second report. It said the 1986 account had "laid blame almost entirely on actions of the operating staff", that some of what had been called violations "were in fact not violations", and that the reactor's emergency shutdown had a flaw found years before and never fixed. It still called some of the crew's decisions "most ill judged". This film follows the evidence from the shoes at Forsmark in to the control room, then back to the night itself, to Vienna, to the second report, and to the television series most of us remember, checked against the record: what the night shift did, what the reactor did, and what the emergency button really did when it was pressed.

About two hours long, narrated slowly enough to fall asleep to or listen to closely.

A note on sensitive content: two people died within hours and 28 more of radiation sickness within months, and the long-term toll is debated. Deaths are stated plainly and are never shown.

Chapters
0:00 Cold Open: Shoes at Forsmark
4:06 Four Sentences
12:17 Three Days
20:36 Fourteen Men
27:54 The Machine
35:10 Two Warnings
42:01 The Grid Controller
48:51 Thirty Megawatts
56:43 Thirty-Six Seconds
1:04:34 Five Thousand Tons
1:11:15 The Shelter
1:17:31 Vienna
1:25:11 The Second Report
1:33:57 On Television
1:44:29 Two Kinds of Number
1:54:42 The Arch

Watch the illustrated version, with real archive photographs: https://youtu.be/HI4v77LvpdI

Sources are listed in the YouTube description. Narration uses an AI voice.

In November 1880 an engineer walked a private dam in the mountains above Johnstown, Pennsylvania, and reported "two serious elements of danger". The club that owned it, a fishing and hunting club of wealthy Pittsburgh men, replied that the town was "in no danger from our enterprise". Nine years later, on 31 May 1889, after the wettest May on record, the dam failed, and a lake more than two miles long went down the valley in about an hour. More than 2,200 people died.

This is the Johnstown Flood told from the record: how a state canal reservoir became a private club's lake, the warnings in writing, the morning on the dam, the telegraph messages that went down the valley, the fourteen miles the water travelled, the relief that followed, and the question that has never gone away. It was not simply a natural disaster: the rain was real and extreme, but the dam was private, altered and warned about, and no court ever held its owners liable. We look at what the coroners, the 1891 engineers, a 2016 study and four lawsuits actually found.

About two hours long, narrated slowly enough to fall asleep to or listen to closely.

Chapters
0:00 Cold Open: A Seat at the Table
4:53 The Valley
12:22 The State's Dam
19:48 The Club
29:25 Crying Wolf
37:21 The Wettest May
43:39 The Morning on the Dam
52:30 The Wires
1:00:42 A Little Before Three
1:08:02 Fourteen Miles
1:16:49 Ten Minutes
1:26:19 The Stone Bridge
1:31:55 Five Months
1:41:43 What the Record Says
1:54:35 The Bridge Still Stands

Watch the illustrated version, with real archive photographs: https://youtu.be/xknSypoiHrg

Sources are listed in the YouTube description. Narration uses an AI voice.