06 Grice & Bauman (Eng) | 1.1. Highlighting

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06 Grice & Bauman (Eng) | 1.1. Highlighting

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In languages like English and German, utterance level prominence is realised on a designated syllable either by means of increased loudness and length, and unreduced vowel quality (all contributing to stress) or by means of the above, accompanied by a pitch movement (accent). This is not the case for all languages. Some languages use pitch movement without the accompanying loudness, length and vowel reduction (or at least using them to a lesser degree). English and German are referred to by Beckman (1986) as ‘stress-accent languages’, in contrast to, e.g., Japanese, which is a ‘non-stress accent language’. Both pitch movements with stress in stress-accent languages, and those without stress in non-stress-accent languages are referred to as pitch accents. In what is to follow, we concentrate on pitch accents in stress-accent languages.

The notion of ‘stress’ applies to both word and utterance levels. We differentiate between ‘lexical stress’, also called ‘word stress’, denoting abstract prominences at word level, and ‘postlexical stress’, concrete prominences at utterance level. Table 2 summarises the different levels of description.
The difference between stresses and accents entails a difference in the strength or degree of (postlexical) prominence. There are at least four different degrees of prominence at utterance level, as listed in table 3.

In (3) we provide an extended version of utterance (1) above. It might conceivably be produced with a nuclear pitch accent on Haus (‘house’), a non-nuclear pitch accent on the first syllable of schönes (‘beautiful’), and stress on the first syllable of Lena (and possibly also on –kauft). All other syllables can be thought of as unaccented. In this and later examples, pitch accents are indicated by capital letters, stresses by small capitals.

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